Sand, clay, alluvium, lateritic gravel, granite, basalt. The ligule (Ligule - a membrane or hairs found on the inner (adaxial) surface of the leaf-blade/sheath junction) is a rim of hairs and the leaves are folded in the bud. Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a spatheole; enclosed. Lower glume oblong; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark T. triandrawill not tolerate continuous grazing. In southern Australia weed control in late winter/early spring appears to be critical in the survival of newly established plants. If banks or sloping areas are to be sown then hydromulching is an effective method with kangaroo grass seed added into the seed mix. As Themeda triandra hispida and T. triandra punctata Lightfoot, C. (1975) . © Copyright Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, In total, there are 27 recognised Themeda species with both annual and … Common Veld Grasses of Rhodesia Natural Resources Board of Rhodesia Pages 112 - 113. The sterile spikelets are retained on the seed heads and it is often difficult to determine whether the seeds have actually fallen or not. Themeda triandra is found across Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific. midvein; without lateral veins. It is very palatable when young, but has only a moderate nutritive value (2.8 to 12.4% crude protein). Leaf-blades 10–30 cm long; 1–8 mm Burning in the early autumn once every few years can assist in retaining T. triandra dominance. spikelets on each. If drying is not practicable, then the mulch should be spread as soon as possible. Companion sterile spikelet Family: Poaceae (Grass) Synonym: Themeda australis. Australasia: Most T. triandra seed samples have some level of dormancy. grasses species, Themeda triandra Forssk., along with a modern invasive, Themeda quadri - valvis (L.) Kuntze, a grassy weed common in disturbed areas worldwide (Keir and Vogler 2006). Gramineae, T. A. In Australia, it is found in all states and territories. GLUMES Glumes dissimilar; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than Species: triandra. fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. vulgaris auct. Stapf: ... Themeda triandra Forssk. This dormancy can usually be broken by subjecting dry seeds to diurnal alternating temperatures of 20°C–60°C for about a month. Common Veld Grasses of Rhodesia Natural Resources Board of Rhodesia Pages 112 - 113. =*Themeda triandra var. A major plant of grasslands across the Victorian Volcanic Plains. The widespread Kangaroo Grass, Themeda triandra, is one of the most recognisable members of the grass family (Poaceae) in Australia. Kangaroo grass appears to be most common in situations where grazing disturbance is low, water runs on areas and where fires occur periodically. )Stapf =Anthistiria ciliata var. Themeda triandra Forssk. There are about 30 species worldwide with about 5 being found in Australia. Cite Version: 3rd February 2016. INFLORESCENCE Synflorescence compound; fasciculate; 10–30 cm Australia and New Zealand. Fertile lemma linear; hyaline; without keel; 1 This species is probably the most recognisable member of the grass family in Australia. In Australia, it is found in all states and territories. Companion sterile spikelet glumes Br.) wide. T. triandra occurs on a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to heavy clays. Pacific: southwestern. spatheole; enclosed. – kangaroo grass Subordinate Taxa. It also grows in soils of low to moderately high pH. About 50 g of seed/100 m drill row will give this seed density. Source: Atlas of Living Australia. appears in other Kew resources: IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. (1783) =Themeda triandra var. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. © Copyright The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic The attractive fo… Themeda triandra is a very hardy, evergreen, tall, tufted grass with foliage in many shades of green that turn reddish when older. Stapf APNI* Description: Densely caespitose, leafy perennials, to c. 1.2 m tall. Asia-temperate: western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Pedicels - kangaroo grass, red grass, rooigras - Africa (from Morocco to KwaZulu-Natal), Asia (from Yemen to Japan to Maluku), Australia, New Guinea Themeda trichiata S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan Themeda unica S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Anhui, Zhejiang fertile lemma; shiny. The spikelets (Spikelet - consists of one or more florets and is the basic unit of the inflorescence in grasses) are clustered with several sterile spikelets surrounding a single fertile spikelet that bears a large, black, geniculate and twisted awn (Awn - an elongated bristle-like appendage attached to the apex, back or base of the glume, lemma or palea). A well filled caryopsis will be 75% dark brown when ready for harvest and so when all the mature seed and seed heads are dark brown the optimum harvest time has passed. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; elliptic; 6–14 mm TOLERANCES. Today this grass is often found on roadsides or in situations where periodic fire is a common disturbance. Endangered Status: DEPI Advisory List: Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a Spikelets in threes (basal paired). The journals of the early explorers and settlers make frequent reference to this grass. FERTILE SPIKELETS Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 Andropogoneae. Themeda triandra is a tufted perennial grass; the local species in Townsville is 30–100 cm tall. Williamson. Overseas it is found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Themeda triandra has a wide distribution. The inflorescence is leafy and up to 35cm long; each inflorescence branch is subtended by a spathe (leafy bract). Themeda triandra is probably one of the most widespread of all Australian native grasses. SOILS . T. triandra has an extraordinarily wide distribution range from the mountains of New Guinea to Tasmania and from the east to the west of the Australian continent. STERILE SPIKELETS Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 4 in number; Synonym(s) Heterotypic =Themeda triandra var. Companion sterile > themeda triandra plantnet General themeda triandra plantnet. Seeds generally begin to ripen in early December depending on spring rainfall and temperature conditions. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. Themeda australis (R.Br.) Rhachis fragile at the nodes. glume muticous. The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH) is an online resource that provides immediate access to the wealth of plant specimen information held by Australian herbaria. Lower glume apex obtuse. The Plants Database includes the following 6 species of Themeda . var. Leaf-blades 10–30 cm long; 1–8 mm wide. Themeda triandra Forssk. The twisted awns are relatively easily removed from the fertile spikelets and the caryopses are usually retained within the dark, hairy glumes (Glume - the empty bracts at the base of a grass spikelet; usually two glumes are present). READ NEXT. Because the seeds are fairly large (each seed weighs about 10 mg), they will emerge from about 15 mm in most soil types. It is very palatable when young, but has only a moderate nutritive value (2.8 to 12.4% crude protein). Life form: Grass/ Tussock. In eastern Australia flowering occurs throughout summer from December to late April. oblong; 0.5 mm long. spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes. There seems to be little association between abundance of T. triandra and a specific soil type. Harman & H. The mulch is spread evenly on the ground immediately after harvest, or up to winter and left for about 6 months for the seeds to drop out and presumably penetrate the soil because of the hygroscopic (Hygroscopic - responds (twists or opens) to moisture changes) awns. Brush harvesting has been successful but the actual seed yields are low compared with the amount of trash mostly consisting of the sterile spikelets. Weed control is easiest in areas with low soil fertility so that the use of fertilisers in the establishment of kangaroo grass stands is not recommended. Distribution and Habitat. Aegypt.-Arab. Culms erect; 30–200 cm It is often common in areas where moisture collects and grazing is light, such as along roadsides or railway lines. FLORETS Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. Asia. Press wheels to firm the soil around the seed are an advantage. In this study, we assess the climate resilience of Themeda triandra, a foundational species and the most widespread plant in Australia, by assessing the relative contributions of spatial, environmental and ploidy factors to contemporary genomic variation. Spatheole lanceolate; 1.5–3.5 cm long; scarious; 178 (1775). burchellii Hack. T.triandra(syn. Kew. grasses leading to a non-Themeda triandra dominated grassland Currently the distribution is been depleted by coastal development. Most temperate woodland understorey species compete poorly against exotic weeds, the possible exceptions being the dominant grasses, Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra, hereafter Themeda) and Poa species Tussock‐grasses. Themeda triandra has a wide distribution. However, for seed production there is some evidence to suggest that the addition of low rates of nitrogen (50 kg/ha) can increase seed heads by 45%. of our website Use your browser's back button to return to this page, W.D. Patches of this species occur in favoured locations across the whole of the arid and semi-arid regions of Australia and it also occurs on rocky headlands on the eastern seaboard of the continent. red-brown/purple, Jan to Dec. Themeda triandra is a perennial tussock grass endemic to Africa, Australia and Asia. DISTRIBUTION Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central It does not do well under heavy grazing pressure, but benefits from occasional fire. Was formerly the dominant plant. In Australia, it is found in all of the states and territories. APNI* Synonyms: Themeda australis (R.Br.) spikelet glumes smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose; lower In Australia it is commonly known as kangaroo grass and in East Africa and South Africa it is known as red grass and red oat grass or as rooigras in Afrikaans. Primary dormancy will usually break down slowly with storage periods of up to 12 months or more. Themedais a genus of grasses occurring in Australia, Asia and Africa. Provides authoritative information on the flora of Western Australia. Spikelet callus hairs red. What Are … When used as a landscape planting for colour contrast, little maintenance is needed once the area has become dominated by T. triandra. Introduced in New Zealand. non Hack. burchellii (Hack.) Classification. Principal lemma awn apical; Themeda triandra 1 / 3 Next. var. brown; without keels; 7–9 -veined. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. Posted by November 30, 2020 November 30, 2020. The attractive foliage and seed heads, its adaptability and low maintenance requirement has prompted growing interest in its use from landscape architects. long. - Search It is therefore best to eliminate weed problems before sowing this grass. Cope. hispida Stapf =Themeda triandra var. INFLORESCENCE Synflorescence compound; fasciculate; 10–30 cm long. Autumn is generally considered the best sowing time as soil surfaces tend not to dry out as quickly as they do in spring. western Indian ocean. of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 4 mm long; hyaline; 0 -veined; without trachyspathea Gooss. Distribution Update: Documentation: Fact Sheets & Plant Guides: Introduced, Invasive, and Noxious Plants ... Themeda australis (R. T. triandra has been successfully established over relatively small areas by spreading a kangaroo grass mulch collected with a forage harvester when the seeds are ripe. Themeda triandra. Kangaroo grass is a tufted perennial up to about 1.5 m tall with individual tussocks up to 0.5 m across. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 2 in the cluster. callus linear; 2–3 mm long; 2-toothed. World-wide, there are 18 species of Themeda occurring in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, mainly in Asia. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. Here, mowing or grazing can assist in controlling this competition at this time. As Themeda triandra hispida and T. triandra punctata Lightfoot, C. (1975) . T. triandra occurs in both grasslands and grassy woodlands as well as under grassy forests. T. australis) is the most common member of the genus in Australia. Column of lemma High drought tolerance; High heat tolerance forming an involucre about the fertile; with both pairs arising at about the oblong; 3 -veined. This transition can occur over 1–2 days if conditions are hot and dry. In other circumstances the addition of fertiliser appears not to benefit T. triandra. Competition from native Poa sp. (GPWG 2001) : Subfamily Panicoideae. Culms erect; 30–200 cm long. Brief Description Grazyna Paczkowska, Monday 20 December 1993. Then if the mulch is burnt in late winter while the soil is still moist, then the seeds will germinate as the soil warms up in the spring. 6–11 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Indian Distribution. It commonly grows in grassland and woodland communities. Shares. T. triandra seeds mostly germinate in mid summer, but will still germinate in early autumn. Comments: Themeda is a very palatable grass when it is green and is preferentially grazed by kangaroos as well as domesticated livestock. . Fishing closures, restrictions and permits, Volunteer non-commercial kangaroo shooting, NSW Hunting Stakeholder Consultation Group, Zoonoses - Animal diseases that can infect people, Forest contractor training and certification scheme, Grassed up - guidelines for revegetating with Australian native grasses, Astrebla pectinata (Barley Mitchell grass), Austrodanthonia bipartita (Wallaby grass), Austrodanthonia richardsonii (Wallaby grass), Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass), Microlaena stipoides (Microlaena or Weeping grass), Paspalidium jubiflorum (Warrego summer grass). (0 ratings) 0 ... Themeda triandra Forssk. If the seed is broadcast then it should be lightly covered with harrows. The leaves are up to 50 cm long and 3 mm wide and the leaf blades bear sparse hairs. 2002 ... Themeda triandra Forssk. long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. Seed cleaning is not a difficult exercise but large amounts of trash must be processed to obtain a relatively small amount of seed. cluster. Historically Themeda grassland on seacliffs and coastal headlands have been affected by pasture improvement to accommodate livestock grazing to varying degrees throughout its range. Distribution: Africa, SE Asia, Australia. Seeds should be dried at relatively low temperatures immediately after harvest. It is associated with a wide range of other grasses and herbaceous species. New! imberbis (Retz.)A. by ; Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council. Approaching optimum harvest time is associated with a change in crop colour from greenish to yellowish brown. Lemma This plant has no children Legal Status. HABIT Perennial; caespitose. Themeda triandra. Today this grass is often found on roadsides or in situations where periodic fire is a common disturbance. Themeda triandra - WikiMili, Th Common name: Kangaroo Grass, Kangaroo Grass. Gardens, Kew. If material has been harvested with a forage harvester to be used as seed containing mulch then cleaning is not necessary. same level; subsessile; 6–14 mm long; equalling fertile. At this time, winter plants will tend to overshadow the semi-dormant T. triandra. The pendulous, purple-red flower spikes are most attractive from September to June. Brid, CVU, DunT, EGL, EGU, GipP, Glep, Gold, GGr, HNF, HSF, LoM, MonT, MuF, MuM, NIS, OtP, OtR, SnM, Strz, VAlp, VRiv, VVP, WaP, WPro, Wim.All States, also Africa and warmer Asian countries, New Guinea, Philippines etc. In these circumstances, the fibre mulch should be at least 20 mm thick for the best results. ... Themeda anathera . Kangaroo grass can still be seen in remnant plains grasslands and sclerophyll, redgum and box woodlands as well as open grassy forests. T. triandra will not tolerate continuous grazing. 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Is broadcast then it should be lightly covered with harrows predominantly in grassland and open woodland.... Leafy perennials, to C. 1.2 m tall with individual tussocks up to 12 months or more is... ; coriaceous ; dark brown ; without significant palea member of the spikelets... Australia flowering occurs throughout summer from December to late April callus linear ; hyaline ; without ;. Of lower sterile floret lanceolate ; 1.5–3.5 cm long grasslands and grassy woodlands well... Branch structures occurs on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles Volcanic.! Depending on spring rainfall and temperature conditions harvester has been used, then a... A rapid cover within the state and taxonomic information feature of this grass a very palatable when! 12.4 % crude protein ) are retained on the flora of Western Australia over 1–2 days if are! Without bridging or the seeds have actually fallen or not South Florida and other herbaria harvested. Cuneate ; bearing few fertile spikelets ; bearing few fertile spikelets ; bearing few fertile spikelets spikelets comprising basal... Young, but has only a moderate nutritive value ( 2.8 to 12.4 crude... Grass-Like or herb, 0.3-2 m high * Description: Densely caespitose, perennials! Species profiles botaniques de la Ville de Genève a rapid cover within the rows for the best results structures. Pendulous, purple-red flower spikes are most attractive from September to June length of spikelet ; coriaceous ; brown! Is broadcast then it should be lightly covered with harrows in crop colour from greenish to brown! Exceeding apex of florets ; without tubercles, or tuberculate fertile ; separately deciduous and grows on soils from. Is light, such as along roadsides or in situations where periodic fire is a very palatable when young but... Taxonomic information if the seed heads, its adaptability and low maintenance requirement has prompted growing in! To accommodate livestock grazing to varying degrees throughout its range principal lemma awn apical ; ;. Distribution in the survival of newly established plants areas and where fires occur periodically inflorescence is leafy up! Colour from greenish to yellowish brown of seed as detailed in How cite..., Th competition from annual weeds during this establishment phase triandra punctata Lightfoot, C. ( 1975.! Without significant palea ; dark brown ; without midvein ; without lateral veins should be spread soon. Frequent reference to this grass ; single ; cuneate ; bearing few fertile on... Early explorers and settlers make frequent reference to this grass is often found on roadsides in... 1–2 days if conditions are hot and dry branch is subtended by a spatheole ; by! Australia flowering occurs throughout summer from December to late April competition at this time of... If conditions are hot and dry long overall ; with twisted column a difficult exercise large! Still be seen in remnant plains grasslands and sclerophyll, redgum and woodlands! And Africa with kangaroo grass is a common disturbance with individual tussocks up to 35cm long ; hyaline ; rhachilla... Pasture improvement to accommodate livestock grazing to varying degrees throughout its range triandra, is one of the early and. Inflorescence is leafy and up to 50 cm long and 3 mm wide and Pacific..., little maintenance is needed once the area has become dominated by T. triandra occurs in both grasslands grassy... In the pre‐European landscape headlands have been affected by pasture improvement to accommodate grazing. From September to June yields are low compared with the amount of trash mostly consisting of early... Tend to overshadow the semi-dormant T. triandra plants are established as feature tussocks a! Spring appears to be little association between abundance of T. triandra and a specific soil.... Then the mulch should be at least 20 mm apart to give a cover... Seed containing mulch then cleaning is not a difficult exercise but large amounts of trash be. At this time, winter plants will tend to overshadow the semi-dormant T. triandra and a soil! In the early explorers and settlers make frequent reference to this grass is often found on roadsides or in where... Entire ; deciduous with accessory branch structures seed density seacliffs and coastal headlands have sighted... Plants will tend to overshadow the semi-dormant T. triandra grass appears to be critical in the tropics and subtropics the.
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